Improved ground-based monitoring of known active
volcanoes — including measures of seismicity, gas release and ground deformation — could provide better advance warning of eruptions, especially when combined with emerging analyses that are aided by artificial intelligence.
Where local ground-based monitoring is not feasible, particularly in remote areas, satellite and aerial observation become essential. In addition to monitoring thermal, gas and
deformation changes, satellites could provide real-time mass eruption rates, plume heights and imagery for disaster relief.
